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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
AK4116
Low Power 48kHz Digital Audio Receiver
GENERAL DESCRIPTION The AK4116 is a low power S/PDIF AES/EBU receiver supporting resolution up to 24-bit. The integrated channel status decoder supports both consumer and professional modes. The AK4116 can automatically detect a Non-PCM bit stream. Combining the AK4116 with a multi-channel codec such as AKM's AK4527B or AK4529 can create a complete AC-3 system. Mode settings can be controlled via microprocessor serial interface. The small 20pin QFN package saves board space. *AC-3 is a trademark of Dolby Laboratories. FEATURES AES3, IEC60958, S/PDIF, EIAJ CP1201 Compatible Low jitter Analog PLL PLL Lock Range : 32kHz to 48kHz Clock Source: PLL or X'tal Auxiliary digital input Detection Functions - Non-PCM Bit Stream Detection - DTS-CD Bit Stream Detection - Sampling Frequency Detection (32kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz) - Unlock & Parity Error Detection - Validity Flag Detection Up to 24bit Audio Data Format Audio I/F: Left justified, Right justified (16bit, 18bit, 20bit, 24bit), I2S 40-bit Channel Status Buffer Burst Preamble bit Pc and Pd Buffer for Non-PCM bit stream Q-subcode Buffer for CD bit stream 4-wire Serial P I/F Master Clock Output: 256fs Operating Voltage: 2.7 to 3.6V Power Supply Current: 7mA (PLL mode) 2mA (X'tal mode) Small Package: 20pin QFN Ta: -40 to 85C
MS0156-E-03 -1-
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Block Diagram
AVSS
AVDD
R
XTI
XTO
X'tal RX0 Clock Recovery Oscillator Clock Generator MCKO
DAIF Decoder DVDD DVSS
Audio I/F
LRCK BICK SDTO DAUX PDN CSN CCLK CDTI CDTO
AC-3/MPEG Detect
Error & STATUS Detect
Q-subcode buffer
P I/F
INT0 INT1
MS0156-E-03 -2-
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Ordering Guide
AK4116VN -40 ~ +85 C 20pin QFN (0.5mm pitch)
Pin Layout
AVDD
AVSS
20
18
17
19
16
INT0
PDN
R
RX0 DVDD DVSS XTI XTO
1 2 3 4 5 10 6 7 8 9 Top View
15 14 13 12 11
INT1 CSN CCLK CDTI CDTO
MS0156-E-03 -3-
MCKO
DAUX
SDTO
LRCK
BICK
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
PIN/FUNCTION
Function Receiver Channel 0 (Internal Biased Pin) Digital Power Supply Pin Digital Ground Pin X'tal Input Pin X'tal Output Pin Output Channel Clock Pin Audio Serial Data Clock Pin Audio Serial Data Output Pin Auxiliary Audio Data Input Pin Master Clock Output Pin Control Data Output Pin Control Data Input Pin Control Data Clock Pin Chip Select Pin Interrupt 1 Pin Interrupt 0 Pin Power-Down & Reset Pin When "L", the AK4116 is powered-down and reset, and all output pins go to 17 PDN I "L" and the control registers are reset to default state. 18 AVSS Analog Ground Pin External Resistor Pin 19 R 12k-5% ~ 13k+5% resistor to AVSS externally. 20 AVDD Analog Power Supply Pin Note 1: All input pins except internal biased pins should not be left floating. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pin Name RX0 DVDD DVSS XTI XTO LRCK BICK SDTO DAUX MCKO CDTO CDTI CCLK CSN INT1 INT0 I/O I I O O O O I O O I I I O O
MS0156-E-03 -4-
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (AVSS, DVSS=0V; Note 2) Parameter Symbol min max AVDD -0.3 4.6 Power Supplies: Analog DVDD -0.3 4.6 Digital 0.3 |AVSS-DVSS| (Note 3) GND Input Current (Any pins except supplies) IIN 10 Input Voltage (Except RX0, RX1 pins) VIN1 -0.3 DVDD+0.3 (RX0, RX1 pins) VIN2 -0.3 AVDD+0.3 Ambient Temperature (Power applied) Ta -40 85 Storage Temperature Tstg -65 150 Note 2. All voltages with respect to ground. Note 3. AVSS and DVSS must be connected to the same ground. WARNING: Operation at or beyond these limits may result in permanent damage to the device. Normal operation is not guaranteed at these extremes.
Units V V V mA V V C C
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (AVSS, DVSS=0V; Note 2) Parameter Symbol min typ Power Supplies: Analog AVDD 2.7 3.3 Digital DVDD 2.7 3.3 Note 2. All voltages with respect to ground.
max 3.6 AVDD
Units V V
S/PDIF RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; AVDD, DVDD=2.7~3.6V) Parameter Symbol min typ Input Resistance Zin 10 Input Voltage VTH 350 Input Sample Frequency fs 32 -
max 48
Units k mVpp kHz
DC CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; AVDD, DVDD=2.7~3.6V; unless otherwise specified) Parameter Symbol min typ Power Supply Current Normal operation (PDN= "H") (Note 4) 7 CM1-0= "00" (Note 5) 2 CM1-0= "01" (Note 6) 10 Power down (PDN = "L") (Note 7) High-Level Input Voltage VIH 70%DVDD Low-Level Input Voltage VIL DVSS-0.3 VOH DVDD-0.4 High-Level Output Voltage (Iout=-400A) VOL Low-Level Output Voltage (Iout=400A) Input Leakage Current Iin Note 4. AVDD=DVDD=3.3V. Note 5. fs=48kHz, X'tal=24.576MHz, CL=20pF. AVDD=5mA (typ), DVDD=9mA (typ). Note 6. fs=48kHz, X'tal=24.576MHz. The external load current is not included. Note 7. RX inputs are open and all digital input pins are held at DVDD or DVSS.
max
Units
14 100 DVDD+0.3 30%DVDD 0.4 10
mA mA A V V V V A
MS0156-E-03 -5-
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; AVDD, DVDD=2.7~3.6V; CL=20pF) Parameter Symbol min Master Clock Timing Crystal Resonator Frequency fXTAL 11.2896 External Clock Frequency fECLK 2.048 Duty Cycle dECLK 40 MCKO Output Frequency fMCK 1.024 Duty Cycle (Note 8) dMCK 40 PLL Clock Recover Frequency (RX0) fpll 32 LRCK Timing Frequency PLL mode 32 fs 44.1 fs X'tal mode 8 fs External Clock mode 45 dLCK Duty Cycle Audio Interface Timing fBCK BICK Frequency dBCK BICK Duty -20 tMBLR BICK "" to LRCK tBSD BICK "" to SDTO 20 tDXH DAUX Hold Time 20 tDXS DAUX Setup Time Control Interface Timing 200 tCCK CCLK Period 80 tCCKL CCLK Pulse Width Low 80 tCCKH Pulse Width High 50 tCDS CDTI Setup Time 50 tCDH CDTI Hold Time 150 tCSW CSN "H" Time 50 tCSS CSN "" to CCLK "" 50 tCSH CCLK "" to CSN "" tDCD CDTO Delay tCCZ CSN "" to CDTO Hi-Z Reset Timing PDN Pulse Width tPW 150 Note 8. Except the external clock input.
typ
max 24.576 24.576 60 24.576 60 48 48 48 48 55
Units MHz MHz % MHz % KHz kHz kHz kHz % Hz % ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
50 50 -
64fs 50 20 15
45 70
MS0156-E-03 -6-
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Timing Diagram
1/fECLK VIH VIL tECLKH tECLKL dECLK = tECLKH x fECLK x 100 = tECLKL x fECLK x 100
XTI
1/fMCK
MCKO tMCKH tMCKL
50%DVDD dMCK = tMCKH x fMCK x 100 = tMCKL x fMCK x 100
1/fs VIH VIL tLRH tLRL dLCK = tLRH x fs x 100 = tLRL x fs x 100
LRCK
Figure 1. Clock Timing
LRCK
50%DVDD
tMBLR BICK 50%DVDD
tBSD 50%DVDD
SDTO tDXS tDXH
DAUX
VIH VIL
Figure 2. Serial Interface Timing
MS0156-E-03 -7-
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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
VIH CSN tCSS tCCK tCCKL tCCKH CCLK tCDH VIH VIL tCDS VIL
CDTI
C1
C0
R/W
A4
VIH VIL
CDTO
Hi-Z
Figure 3. WRITE/READ Command Input Timing
tCSW VIH CSN tCSH VIH VIL VIL
CCLK
CDTI
D3
D2
D1
D0
VIH VIL
CDTO
Hi-Z
Figure 4. WRITE Data Input Timing
VIH CSN VIL
CCLK
VIH VIL
CDTI
A1
A0
VIH VIL tDCD
CDTO
Hi-Z
D7
D6
D5
50%DVDD
Figure 5. READ Data Output Timing 1
MS0156-E-03 -8-
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ASAHI KASEI
tCSW CSN VIH VIL tCSH CCLK VIH VIL
[AK4116]
CDTI
VIH VIL tCCZ
CDTO
D3
D2
D1
D0
50%DVDD
Figure 6. READ Data Input Timing 2
tPW PDN
VIL
Figure 7. Power Down & Reset Timing
MS0156-E-03 -9-
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
OPERATION OVERVIEW Non-PCM (AC-3, MPEG, etc.) and DTS-CD Bitstream Detection
The AK4116 has a Non-PCM steam auto-detection function. When the 32-bit mode Non-PCM preamble based on Dolby "AC-3 Data Stream in IEC60958 Interface" is detected, the NPCM bit goes to "1". The 96-bit sync code consists of 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0xF872 and 0x4E1F. Detection of this pattern will set the NPCM to "1". Once the NPCM is set to "1", it will remain "1" until 4096 frames pass through the chip without an additional sync pattern being detected (Timing diagram: Figure 26 and Figure 27). When those preambles are detected, the burst preambles Pc (burst information: Table 8) and Pd (length code: Table 9) that follow those sync codes are stored to registers. The AK4116 also has a DTS-CD bitstream auto-detection function. When AK4116 detects DTS-CD bitstreams, the DTSCD bit goes to "1". If the next sync code does not occur within 4096 frames, the DTSCD bit goes to "0" until either the AK4116 detects the stream again. OR'ed value of the NPCM and DTSCD bits are output to the AUTO bit. The AK4116 detects 14bit sync word of a DTS-CD bitstearm, while it does not detect 16bit sync word (0x7FFE8001).
Clock Recovery
The on-chip, low jitter PLL has a wide lock range of 32kHz to 48kHz and a lock time of less than 20ms. The AK4116 has a sampling frequency detect function (32kHz, 44.1kHz and 48kHz) that uses either clock comparison against the X'tal oscillator or the channel status information. The PLL loses lock when the received sync interval is incorrect.
Clock Operation Mode
The AK4116 has two sources for MCKO and SDTO. 1) MCKO and SDTO source is recovered by PLL from RX input. 2) MCKO source is X'tal or External clock. SDTO source is DAUX input. The CM1-0 bits select the clock operation mode (Table 1). In Mode 2, the clock source is switched from PLL to X'tal when the PLL loses lock. In Mode3, even though the clock source is fixed to X'tal, the PLL is also operating. This allows the monitoring of recovered data such as C bits. For Mode2 and 3, it is recommended that the X'tal frequency and PLL recovery frequency be set differently. UNLCK PLL X'tal Clock source SDTO ON ON(Note) PLL RX Default OFF ON X'tal DAUX 0 ON ON PLL RX 2 1 0 1 ON ON X'tal DAUX 3 1 1 ON ON X'tal DAUX ON: Oscillation (Power-up), OFF: STOP (Power-down) Note : When the X'tal is not used as clock comparison for fs detection (i.e. XTL1,0= "1,1"), the X'tal is off. Table 1. Clock Operation Mode select Mode 0 1 CM1 0 0 CM0 0 1
MS0156-E-03 - 10 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Master Clock Output
The AK4116 has a master clock output pin, MCKO. In PLL mode, PLL lock range is up to 48kHz and the MCKO frequency is fixed to 256fs. In the X'tal mode, XCKS1-0 bits select the ratio of the X'tal frequency to fs (sampling frequency). The DIV bit selects the ratio (x1 or x1/2) of the MCKO frequency to the X'tal frequency (Table 2). X'tal or EXT 128fs 256fs 512fs 1024fs MCKO DIV=0 128fs 256fs 512fs 1024fs DIV=1 64fs 128fs 256fs 512fs fs [kHz] EXTCLK [MHz] X'tal [MHz] 2.048 4.096 8.192 11.2896 12.288 16 32 N/A N/A N/A 8 16 32 44.1 48 N/A 8 16 N/A N/A N/A N/A 8 N/A N/A
XCKS1 0 0 1 1
XCKS0 0 1 0 1
24.576 N/A N/A 48 N/A
Default
Table 2. Master Clock Frequency Select (X'tal mode: Clock operation mode 1, 2(UNLCK=1), 3)
MS0156-E-03 - 11 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Clock Source
The following circuits are available to feed a clock into the XTI pin of AK4116. 1) X'tal mode The X'tal with proper value should be connected between XTI and XTO pins.
XTI
XTO
AK4116
Figure 8. X'tal mode (EXCK= "0") Note: External capacitance depends on the crystal oscillator (Typ.10-40pF).
2) External clock mode EXCK bit should be set to "1" and the proper frequency clock input into the XTI pin. XTO pin should be left open.
XTI External Clock
XTO
AK4116
Figure 9. External clock mode (EXCK= "1")
3) OFF mode CM1-0 bits should be set to "00" and XTL1-0 bits to "11" respectively. XTI and XTO pins should be left open. The XTI pin can also be connected to ground externally.
XTI
XTO
AK4116
Figure 10. OFF mode (CM1-0= "00", XTL1-0= "11")
MS0156-E-03 - 12 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Sampling Frequency and Pre-emphasis Detection
The AK4116 has two methods for detecting the sample frequency: 1) Clock comparison between recovered clock and the X'tal oscillator FS3-0 bits indicate the detected RX input frequency referred to X'tal frequency. XTL1-0 bits select the reference X'tal frequency (Table 3). 2) Sampling frequency information on channel status When XTL1-0= "11", FS3-0 bits indicate the decoded sampling frequency information from channel status. XTL1 0 0 1 1 XTL0 0 1 0 1 X'tal Frequency 11.2896MHz 12.288MHz 24.576MHz (Use channel status) Table 3. Reference X'tal frequency XTL1-0= "11" Consumer Register output fs Professional mode mode Clock comparison (Note 2) (Note 1) Byte3 Byte0 Byte4 FS3 FS2 FS1 FS0 Bit3,2,1,0 Bit7,6 Bit6,5,4,3 0 0 44.1kHz 0000 01 0 0 0000 44.1kHz 3% 0 0 0 1 Reserved Reserved 0001 (Others) 0 0 48kHz 0010 10 1 0 0000 48kHz 3% 0 0 32kHz 0011 11 1 1 0000 32kHz 3% 1 0 0 0 Reserved Reserved (1000) 00 1010 1 0 1 0 Reserved Reserved (1010) 00 0010 1 1 0 0 Reserved Reserved (1100) 00 1011 1 1 1 0 Reserved Reserved (1110) 00 0011 Note 1: At least 3% range is identified as the value in the Table 4. In case of an intermediate frequency of these two, FS3-0 bits indicate the nearer value. When the frequency is much larger than 48kHz or much smaller than 32kHz, FS3-0 bits indicate any values except 32kHz, 44.1kHz and 48kHz. Note 2: In consumer mode, Byte3 Bit3-0 are copied to FS3-0. Table 4. Sampling frequency information The pre-emphasis information is detected and reported on the PEM bit. This information is extracted from channel 1 by default (CS12=0). It can be switched to channel 2 by changing the CS12 bit in the control register. Consumer mode PEM 0 1 Pre-emphasis OFF ON Byte 0 Bits 3-5 0X100 0X100 Professional mode Byte 0 Bits 2-4 110 110 Except XTL1-0= "11"
Default
Table 5. Pre-emphasis information
MS0156-E-03 - 13 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
System Reset and Power-Down
The AK4116 has a full power-down mode for all circuits that is activated by the PDN pin, and a partial power-down mode activated by the PWN bit. The RSTN bit initializes the internal registers and timing. The AK4116 should be reset once at power-up by bringing PDN pin = "L". PDN Pin: All analog and digital circuits are placed in power-down and reset modes by bringing PDN= "L". All the registers are initialized and clocks are stopped. Read/write operations to the registers are disabled. RSTN Bit (Address 00H; D0): All the registers except RSTN, PWN, XTL1-0 and EXCK are initialized by bringing RSTN bit = "0". The internal timings are also initialized. When RSTN bit= "0", clocks are output, but SDTO is "L". All register writes except RSTN, PWN, XTL1-0 and EXCK are disabled. Reading from the registers is enabled. PWN Bit (Address 00H; D1): Clock recovery mode is initialized by bringing PWN bit = "0". Clocks from the PLL are stopped while the X'tal clocks continue to be output. Unlike the PDN pin operation described above, internal registers and mode settings are not initialized. Read/write operations to the registers are enabled.
MS0156-E-03 - 14 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Biphase signal input circuit
0.1uF 75 Coax 75 RX
AK4116
Figure 11. Consumer Input Circuit (Coaxial Input) Note: When using a coaxial input, if the coupling level to this input from the next RX input line pattern exceeds 50mV, incorrect operation may occur. This can be reduced or prevented by adding a decoupling capacitor.
3.3V Optical Fiber 470 O/E Optical Receiver RX
3.3V
AK4116
Figure 12. Consumer Input Circuit (Optical Input; Using 3.3V Optical Receiver)
MS0156-E-03 - 15 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Q-subcode buffers
The AK4116 has a Q-subcode buffer for CD application. The AK4116 takes Q-subcode into registers under the following conditions: 1) 2) 3) 4) The sync word (S0,S1) is consists of least 16 "0"s. The start bit is "1". Those 7bits Q-W follows to the start bit. The distance between two start bits is 8-16 bits.
The QINT bit in the control register goes "1" when the new Q-subcode differs from old one, and goes "0" when QINT bit is read.
S0 S1 S2 S3 : S97 S0 S1 S2 S3 :
1 0 0 1 1 : 1 0 0 1 1 :
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0... Q2 R2 S2 T2 U2 V2 W2 0... Q3 R3 S3 T3 U3 V3 W3 0... : : : : : : : : Q97 R97 S97 T97 U97 V97 W97 0... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0... Q2 R2 S2 T2 U2 V2 W2 0... Q3 R3 S3 T3 U3 V3 W3 0... : : : : : : : :
Q
(*) number of "0" : min=0; max=8. Figure 13. Configuration of U-bit(CD)
Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 TRACK NUMBER INDEX
Q2
Q3 Q4 CTRL
Q5
Q6
Q7 Q8 ADRS
Q26 Q27 Q28 Q29 Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38 Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q44 Q45 Q46 Q47 Q48 Q49 MINUTE SECOND FRAME Q50 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55 Q56 Q57 Q58 Q59 Q60 Q61 Q62 Q63 Q64 Q65 Q66 Q67 Q68 Q69 Q70 Q71 Q72 Q73 ZERO ABSOLUTE MINUTE ABSOLUTE SECOND Q74 Q75 Q76 Q77 Q78 Q79 Q80 Q81 Q82 Q83 Q84 Q85 Q86 Q87 Q88 Q89 Q90 Q91 Q92 Q93 Q94 Q95 Q96 Q97 ABSOLUTE FRAME CRC G(x)=x16+x12+x5+1
Figure 14. Q-subcode
Addr 11H 12H 13H 14H 15H 16H 17H 18H 19H 1AH
Register Name Q-subcode Address / Control Q-subcode Track Q-subcode Index Q-subcode Minute Q-subcode Second Q-subcode Frame Q-subcode Zero Q-subcode ABS Minute Q-subcode ABS Second Q-subcode ABS Frame
D7 D6 D5 D4 Q9 Q8 *** *** Q17 Q16 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Q81 Q80 *** *** Figure 15. Q-subcode register map
D3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
D2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
D1 Q3 Q11 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Q75
D0 Q2 Q10 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Q74
MS0156-E-03 - 16 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Interrupt Handling
There are eight events which cause the INT1-0 pins to go "H". 1. UNLCK: PLL unlock state detect "1" when the PLL loses lock. The AK4116 loses lock when the distance between two preambles is not correct or when those preambles are not correct. 2. PAR: Parity error or biphase coding error detection "1" when parity error or biphase coding error is detected, updated every sub-frame cycle. Reading this register resets it. 3. AUTO: Non-PCM or DTS-CD Bit Stream detection The OR function of NPCM and DTSCD bits is output to the AUTO bit. 4. V: Validity flag detection "1" when validity flag is detected. Updated every sub-frame cycle. 5. AUDION: Non-audio detection "1" when the "AUDIO" bit in recovered channel status indicates "1". Updated every block cycle. 6. STC: Sampling frequency or pre-emphasis information change detection "1" when FS3-0 or PEM bit changes. Reading this register resets it. 7. QINT: U bit (Q-subcode) sync flag "1" when the Q-subcode differs from old one, and stays "1" until this register is read. Updated every sync code cycle for Q-subcode. Reading this register resets it. 8. CINT: Channel status sync flag "1" when received C bits differ from old ones, and stays "1" until this register is read. Updated every block cycle. Reading this register resets it. INT1-0 pins output an OR'ed signal based on the above eight interrupt events. When masked, the interrupt event does not affect the operation of the INT1-0 pins (the masks do not affect the resisters (UNLCK, PAR, etc.) themselves). Once INT0 pin goes to "H", it maintains "H" for 1024 cycles (this value can be changed by the EFH1-0 bits) after all events not masked by mask bits are cleared. INT1 pin immediately goes to "L" when those events are cleared. UNLCK, AUTO, V and AUDION bits indicate the interrupt status events above in real time. Once PAR, STC, QINT or CINT bit goes to "1", it stays "1" until the register is read. INT pin holds "H" for one sub-frame, then goes to "L" in this case. When the AK4116 loses lock, the channel status bits are initialized. In this initial state, INT0 outputs the OR'ed signal between UNLCK and PAR bits. INT1 outputs the OR'ed signal to AUTO, V and AUDION. INT1-0 pins are "L" when the PLL is OFF (Clock Operation Mode 1). Event PAR x 1 0 SDTO Pin "L" Previous Data Output
UNLCK 1 0 0
Others x x x
Table 6. Interrupt handling
MS0156-E-03 - 17 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Interrupt (UNLCK, PAR,..) INT0 pin
(Interrupt)
Hold Time (max: 4096/fs)
INT1 pin Register (PAR,STC, CINT,QINT) Register (others) Command MCKO,BICK,LRCK (UNLCK) MCKO,BICK,LRCK (except UNLCK) SDTO (UNLCK) SDTO (PAR error) SDTO (others) Previous Data
Hold Time = 0
Hold "1"
Reset
READ 05H
Free Run (fs: around 20kHz)
Normal Operation
Figure 16. INT1-0 pin timing
MS0156-E-03 - 18 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
PDN pin ="L" to "H" Initialize Read 05H
INT0/1 pin ="H"
Yes
No
Release Muting
Mute DAC output
Read 05H
(Each Error Handling)
Read 05H (Resets registers) No
INT0/1 pin ="H"
Yes
Figure 17. Interrupt Handling Sequence Example 1
MS0156-E-03 - 19 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
PDN pin ="L" to "H" Initialize Read 05H
INT1 pin ="H"
Yes
No
Read 05H and Detect QSUB= "1"
(Read Q-buffer)
QCRC = "0" Yes INT1 pin ="L" Yes New data is valid
No
New data is invalid
No
Figure 18. Interrupt Handling Sequence Example (for Q/CINT)
MS0156-E-03 - 20 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Audio Serial Interface Format
The DIF2-0 bits can select six serial data formats as shown in Table 7. In all formats, the serial data is MSB-first, 2's compliment format. The SDTO is clocked out on the falling edge of BICK and the DAUX is latched on the rising edge of BICK. BICK outputs 64fs clock. When the SDTO format is equal or less than 20 bits (Mode 0-2), LSBs in the sub-frame are truncated. In Modes 3-7, the last four LSBs are auxiliary data (see Figure 19). When a Parity Error, Biphase Error or Frame Length Error occurs in a sub-frame, the AK4116 continues to output the last normal sub-frame data from SDTO repeatedly until the error is removed. When an Unlock Error occurs, the AK4116 outputs "0" from SDTO. When using the DAUX pin, the data is transformed and output from SDTO. The DAUX pin is used in Clock Operation Modes 1, 3 and in the unlock state of Mode 2. The input data format to DAUX should be left-justified except in Mode 5. In Mode 5, both the input data format of DAUX and the output data format of SDTO are I2S.
sub-frame of IEC60958
0 preamble 34 Aux. LSB MSB 78 11 12 27 28 29 30 31 VUCP
MSB
LSB
23
0
AK4116 Audio Data (MSB First)
Figure 19. Bit configuration
Mode 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DIF2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
DIF1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
DIF0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
DAUX 24bit, Left justified 24bit, Left justified 24bit, Left justified 24bit, Left justified 24bit, Left justified 24bit, I2S
SDTO 16bit, Right justified 18bit, Right justified 20bit, Right justified 24bit, Right justified 24bit, Left justified 24bit, I2S Reserved
LRCK H/L H/L H/L H/L H/L L/H
Default
Table 7. Audio data format
MS0156-E-03 - 21 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
LRCK
0 1 2 15 16 17 31 0 1 2 15 16 17 31 0 1
BICK (64fs)
15 14 1 0 15 14 1 0
SDTO
15:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data
Figure 20. Mode 0 Timing
LRCK
0 1 2 9 10 11 12 31 0 1 2 9 10 11 12 31 0 1
BICK (64fs)
23 22 21 20 1 0 23 22 21 20 1 0
SDTO
23:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data
Figure 21. Mode 3 Timing
LRCK
0 1 2 21 22 23 24 31 0 1 2 21 22 23 24 31 0 1
BICK (64fs)
23 22 21 2 1 0 23 22 3 2 1 0 23 22
SDTO
23:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data
Figure 22. Mode 4 Timing
LRCK
0 1 2 22 23 24 25 31 0 1 2 21 22 23 24 25 31 0 1
BICK (64fs) SDTO
23 22 21 2 1 0 23 22 3 2 1 0 23
23:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data
Figure 23. Mode 5 Timing
MS0156-E-03 - 22 -
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Serial Control Interface
The internal registers may be either written or read by the 4-wire P interface pins: CSN, CCLK, CDTI & CDTO. The data on this interface consists of Chip address (2bits, C1-0 are fixed to "00"), Read/Write (1bit), Register address (MSB first, 5bits) and Control data (MSB first, 8bits). Address and data are clocked in on the rising edge of CCLK and data is clocked out on the falling edge. For write operations, data is latched after the 16th rising edge of CCLK, after a high-to-low transition of CSN. For read operations, the CDTO output goes high impedance after a low-to-high transition of CSN. The maximum speed of CCLK is 5MHz. PDN= "L" resets the registers to their default values.
CSN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
CCLK
CDTI WRITE CDTO CDTI READ CDTO
C1 C0 R/W A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Hi-Z
C1 C0 R/W A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Hi-Z
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Hi-Z
C1,C0: R/W: A4-A0: D7-D0:
Chip Address (Fixed to "00") READ/WRITE (0:READ, 1:WRITE) Register Address Control Data
Figure 24. 4-wire Serial Control I/F Timing
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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Register Map
Addr 00H 01H 02H 03H 04H 05H 06H 07H 08H 09H 0AH 0BH 0CH 0DH 0EH 0FH 10H 11H 12H 13H 14H 15H 16H 17H 18H 19H 1AH Register Name Power Down Control Clock Control Input/Output Control INT0 MASK INT1 MASK Receiver status 0 Receiver status 1 Receiver status 2 RX Channel Status Byte 0 RX Channel Status Byte 1 RX Channel Status Byte 2 RX Channel Status Byte 3 RX Channel Status Byte 4 Burst Preamble Pc Byte 0 Burst Preamble Pc Byte 1 Burst Preamble Pd Byte 0 Burst Preamble Pd Byte 1 Q-subcode Address / Control Q-subcode Track Q-subcode Index Q-subcode Minute Q-subcode Second Q-subcode Frame Q-subcode Zero Q-subcode ABS Minute Q-subcode ABS Second Q-subcode ABS Frame D7 0 1 0 MULK0 MULK1 UNLCK 0 0 CR7 CR15 CR23 CR31 CR39 PC7 PC15 PD7 PD15 Q9 Q17 Q25 Q33 Q41 Q49 Q57 Q65 Q73 Q81 D6 0 0 0 MPAR0 MPAR1 PAR DTSCD 0 CR6 CR14 CR22 CR30 CR38 PC6 PC14 PD6 PD14 Q8 Q16 Q24 Q32 Q40 Q48 Q56 Q64 Q72 Q80 D5 0 1 CS12 MAUT0 MAUT1 AUTO NPCM 0 CR5 CR13 CR21 CR29 CR37 PC5 PC13 PD5 PD13 Q7 Q15 Q23 Q31 Q39 Q47 Q55 Q63 Q71 Q79 D4 EXCK DIV EFH1 MV0 MV1 V PEM 0 CR4 CR12 CR20 CR28 CR36 PC4 PC12 PD4 PD12 Q6 Q14 Q22 Q30 Q38 Q46 Q54 Q62 Q70 Q78 D3 XTL1 XCKS1 EFH0 MAUD0 MAUD1 AUDION FS3 0 CR3 CR11 CR19 CR27 CR35 PC3 PC11 PD3 PD11 Q5 Q13 Q21 Q29 Q37 Q45 Q53 Q61 Q69 Q77 D2 XTL0 XCKS0 DIF2 MSTC0 MSTC1 STC FS2 0 CR2 CR10 CR18 CR26 CR34 PC2 PC10 PD2 PD10 Q4 Q12 Q20 Q28 Q36 Q44 Q52 Q60 Q68 Q76 D1 PWN CM1 DIF1 MCIT0 MCIT1 CINT FS1 D0 RSTN CM0 DIF0 MQIT0 MQIT1 QINT FS0
CCRC
CR1 CR9 CR17 CR25 CR33 PC1 PC9 PD1 PD9 Q3 Q11 Q19 Q27 Q35 Q43 Q51 Q59 Q67 Q75
QCRC
CR0 CR8 CR16 CR24 CR32 PC0 PC8 PD0 PD8 Q2 Q10 Q18 Q26 Q34 Q42 Q50 Q58 Q66 Q74
Note: When PDN pin goes to "L", the registers are initialized to their default values. When RSTN bit goes to "0", the internal timing is reset and all registers except RSTN, PWN, XTL1-0 and EXCK bits are initialized to their default values. All data can be written to the registers even if PWN bit is "0".
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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Register Definitions
Addr Register Name 00H Power Down Control R/W Default D7 0 RD 0 D6 0 RD 0 D5 0 RD 0 D4 EXCK R/W 0 D3 XTL1 R/W 0 D2 XTL0 R/W 0 D1 PWN R/W 1 D0 RSTN R/W 1
RSTN: Timing Reset & Register Initialize 0: Reset & Initialize (except RSTN, PWN, XTL1-0 and EXCK bits) 1: Normal Operation (Default) PWN: Power-Down for Clock Recovery Part 0: Power Down 1: Normal Operation (Default) XTL1-0: Reference X'tal Frequency Select (Table 3; Default: 00) EXCK: External Clock Mode Select 0: X'tal mode (Default) 1: External clock mode (Feedback resistor of X'tal oscillator circuit is open.)
Addr Register Name 01H Clock Control R/W Default
D7 1 RD 1
D6 0 RD 0
D5 1 RD 1
D4 DIV R/W 0
D3 D2 XCKS1 XCKS0 R/W R/W 0 1
D1 CM1 R/W 0
D0 CM0 R/W 0
CM1-0: Master Clock Operation Mode Select (Table 1; Default: 00) XCKS1-0: Master Clock Frequency Select at X'tal Mode (Table 2; Default: 01) DIV: Master Clock Output Select at X'tal Mode 0: Same frequency as X'tal (Default) 1: Half frequency of X'tal
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ASAHI KASEI Addr Register Name 02H Format Control R/W Default D7 0 RD 0 D6 0 RD 0 D5 CS12 R/W 0 D4 EFH1 R/W 0 D3 EFH0 R/W 1 D2 DIF2 R/W 1 D1 DIF1 R/W 0
[AK4116] D0 DIF0 R/W 0
DIF2-0: Audio Data Format Control (Table 7; Default: 100) EFH1-0: INT0 Pin Hold Count Select 00: 512 LRCK 10: 2048 LRCK
01: 1024 LRCK (Default) 11: 4096 LRCK
CS12: Channel Status Select 0: Channel 1 (Default) 1: Channel 2 This bit selects which channel status is used to derive C-bit buffers, AUDION, PEM, FS3-0, Pc, Pd and CRC.
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ASAHI KASEI Addr Register Name 03H INT0 MASK R/W Default MQIT0: MCIT0: MSTC0: MAUD0: MV0: MAUT0: MPAR0: MULK0: D7 D6 D5 MULK0 MPAR0 MAUT0 R/W R/W R/W 0 0 1 D4 MV0 R/W 1 D3 D2 D1 MAUD0 MSTC0 MCIT0 R/W R/W R/W 1 1 1
[AK4116] D0 MQIT0 R/W 1
Mask Enable for QINT bit Mask Enable for CINT bit Mask Enable for STC bit Mask Enable for AUDION bit Mask Enable for V bit Mask Enable for AUTO bit Mask Enable for PAR bit Mask Enable for UNLOCK bit 0: Mask disable 1: Mask enable The factor which mask bit is set to "0" affects INT0 pin operation.
Addr Register Name 04H INT0 MASK R/W Default MQIT1: MCIT1: MSTC1: MAUD1: MV1: MAUT1: MPAR1: MULK1:
D7 D6 D5 MULK1 MPAR1 MAUT1 R/W R/W R/W 1 1 0
D4 MV1 R/W 0
D3 D2 D1 MAUD1 MSTC1 MCIT1 R/W R/W R/W 0 1 1
D0 MQIT1 R/W 1
Mask Enable for QINT bit Mask Enable for CINT bit Mask Enable for STC bit Mask Enable for AUDION bit Mask Enable for V bit Mask Enable for AUTO bit Mask Enable for PAR bit Mask Enable for UNLOCK bit 0: Mask disable 1: Mask enable The factor whose mask bit is set to "0" affects INT1 pin operation.
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ASAHI KASEI Addr Register Name 05H Receiver status 0 R/W Default D7 UNLCK RD 0 D6 PAR RD 0 D5 AUTO RD 0 D4 V RD 0 D3 AUDION RD 0 D2 STC RD 0 D1 CINT RD 0
[AK4116] D0 QINT RD 0
QINT: Q-subcode Buffer Interrupt 0: No change 1: Changed This bit goes to "1" when Q-subcode stored in register addresses 11H to 1AH is updated. CINT: Channel Status Buffer Interrupt 0: No change 1: Changed This bit goes to "1" when C-bit stored in register addresses 08H to 0CH changes. STC: Sampling Frequency or Pre-emphasis Information Change Detection 0: No detect 1: Detect This bit goes to "1" when either the FS3-0 or PEM bit changes. AUDION: Audio Bit Output 0: Audio 1: Non Audio This bit is made by encoding channel status bits. V: Validity Bit 0: Valid 1: Invalid AUTO: Non-PCM or DTS-CD Bit Steam Auto Detection 0: No detect 1: Detect This bit outputs the OR'ed value of NPCM and DTSCD bits. PAR: Parity Error or Biphase Error Status 0:No Error 1:Error This bit goes to "1" if a parity error or biphase error is detected in the sub-frame. UNLCK: PLL Lock Status 0: Lock 1: Unlock QINT, CINT, STC and PAR bits are initialized when 05H is read.
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ASAHI KASEI Addr Register Name 06H Receiver status 1 R/W Default D7 0 RD 0 D6 DTSCD RD 0 D5 NPCM RD 0 D4 PEM RD 0 D3 FS3 RD 0 D2 FS2 RD 0 D1 FS1 RD 0
[AK4116] D0 FS0 RD 1
FS3-0: Sampling Frequency Detection (Table 4) PEM: Pre-emphasis Detect 0: OFF 1: ON This bit is made by encoding the channel status bits. NPCM: Non-PCM Bit Stream Auto Detection 0: No detect 1: Detect DTSCD: DTS-CD Bit Stream Auto Detect 0: No detect 1: Detect
Addr Register Name 07H Receiver status 2 R/W Default
D7 0 RD 0
D6 0 RD 0
D5 0 RD 0
D4 0 RD 0
D3 0 RD 0
D2 0 RD 0
D1 CCRC RD 0
D0 QCRC RD 0
QCRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check for Q-subcode 0: No Error 1: Error CCRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check for Channel Status 0: No Error 1: Error This bit is enabled only in professional mode and only for the channel selected by the CS12 bit.
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ASAHI KASEI Addr 08H 09H 0AH 0BH 0CH Register Name RX Channel Status Byte 0 RX Channel Status Byte 1 RX Channel Status Byte 2 RX Channel Status Byte 3 RX Channel Status Byte 4 R/W Default D7 CR7 CR15 CR23 CR31 CR39 D6 CR6 CR14 CR22 CR30 CR38 D5 CR5 CR13 CR21 CR29 CR37 D4 CR4 CR12 CR20 CR28 CR36 D3 CR3 CR11 CR19 CR27 CR35 D2 CR2 CR10 CR18 CR26 CR34 D1 CR1 CR9 CR17 CR25 CR33
[AK4116] D0 CR0 CR8 CR16 CR24 CR32
RD Not initialized
CR39-0: Receiver Channel Status Byte 4-0 All 40 bits are updated at the same time every block (192 frames) cycle.
Addr 0DH 0EH 0FH 10H
Register Name Burst Preamble Pc Byte 0 Burst Preamble Pc Byte 1 Burst Preamble Pd Byte 0 Burst Preamble Pd Byte 1 R/W Default
D7 PC7 PC15 PD7 PD15
D6 PC6 PC14 PD6 PD14
D5 PC5 PC13 PD5 PD13
D4 PC4 PC12 PD4 PD12
D3 PC3 PC11 PD3 PD11
D2 PC2 PC10 PD2 PD10
D1 PC1 PC9 PD1 PD9
D0 PC0 PC8 PD0 PD8
RD Not initialized
PC15-0: Burst Preamble Pc Byte 0 and 1 PD15-0: Burst Preamble Pd Byte 0 and 1
Addr 11H 12H 13H 14H 15H 16H 17H 18H 19H 1AH
Register Name Q-subcode Address / Control Q-subcode Track Q-subcode Index Q-subcode Minute Q-subcode Second Q-subcode Frame Q-subcode Zero Q-subcode ABS Minute Q-subcode ABS Second Q-subcode ABS Frame R/W Default
D7
Q9 Q17 Q25 Q33 Q41 Q49 Q57 Q65 Q73 Q81
D6
Q8 Q16 Q24 Q32 Q40 Q48 Q56 Q64 Q72 Q80
D5
Q7 Q15 Q23 Q31 Q39 Q47 Q55 Q63 Q71 Q79
D4
Q6 Q14 Q22 Q30 Q38 Q46 Q54 Q62 Q70 Q78
D3
Q5 Q13 Q21 Q29 Q37 Q45 Q53 Q61 Q69 Q77
D2
Q4 Q12 Q20 Q28 Q36 Q44 Q52 Q60 Q68 Q76
D1
Q3 Q11 Q19 Q27 Q35 Q43 Q51 Q59 Q67 Q75
D0
Q2 Q10 Q18 Q26 Q34 Q42 Q50 Q58 Q66 Q74
RD Not initialized
Q2-81: Q-subcode (Figure 14 and Figure 15) All 80 bits are updated at the same time every sync code cycle for Q-subcode.
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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Burst Preambles in non-PCM Bitstreams
sub-frame of IEC60958
0 preamble 34 Aux. 78 11 12 LSB 27 28 29 30 31 MSB V U C P
16 bits of bitstream
0 15
Pa Pb Pc Pd
Burst_payload
stuffing
repetition time of the burst
Figure 25. Data structure in IEC60958 Preamble word Pa Pb Pc Pd Length of field Contents 16 bits sync word 1 16 bits sync word 2 16 bits Burst info 16 bits Length code Table 8. Burst preamble words Value 0xF872 0x4E1F see Table 9 numbers of bits
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ASAHI KASEI Bits of Pc 0-4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16-31 0 0 1 value contents data type NULL data Dolby AC-3 data reserved PAUSE MPEG-1 Layer1 data MPEG-1 Layer2 or 3 data or MPEG-2 without extension MPEG-2 data with extension MPEG-2 AAC ADTS MPEG-2, Layer1 Low sample rate MPEG-2, Layer2 or 3 Low sample rate reserved DTS type I DTS type II DTS type III ATRAC ATRAC2/3 reserved reserved, shall be set to "0" error-flag indicating a valid burst_payload error-flag indicating that the burst_payload may contain errors data type dependent info bit stream number, shall be set to "0" Table 9. Fields of burst info Pc repetition time of burst in IEC958 frames 4096 1536
[AK4116]
384 1152 1152 1024 384 1152 512 1024 2048 512 1024
5, 6 7
8-12 13-15
0
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2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
Non-PCM Bitstream timing
1) When Non-PCM preamble does not arrive within 4096 frames,
PDN pin
Bit stream
Pa Pb Pc1 Pd1 Repetition time
Pa Pb Pc2 Pd2 >4096 frames
Pa Pb Pc3 Pd3
AUTO bit
Pc Register
"0"
Pc1
Pc2
Pc3
Pd Register
"0"
Pd1
Pd2
Pd3
Figure 26. Timing example 1
2) When Non-PCM bitstream stops (when MULK0=0),
INT0 pin <20mS (Lock time) Bit stream Pa Pb Pc1 Pd1 Stop 2~3 Syncs (B,M or W) AUTO bit Pc Register
Pc0
Pc1
Pcn
Pd Register
Pd0
Pd1
Pdn
Figure 27. Timing example 2
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2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 28 is a system connection diagram. An evaluation board is available which demonstrates application circuits, the optimum layout, power supply arrangements and measurement results.
10u
0.1u 12k +
3.3V Supply
R 19
PDN 17
AVDD 20
AVSS 18
INT0 16
S/PDIF (see Figure 11-13)
1 10u 0.1u RX0 DVDD DVSS XTI XTO 2 3 C 4 5
INT1 15 CSN 14
Microcontroller
3.3V Supply
+
AK4116
CCLK 13 CDTI 12
(see Figure 8-10)
DSP
AD/DA
Figure 28. Typical Connection Diagram Notes: (1) "C" depends on the X'tal. (Typ.10-40pF) (2) AVSS and DVSS must be connected the same ground plane.
MS0156-E-03 - 34 -
10 MCKO
8 SDTO
9 DAUX
C
CDTO 11 6 LRCK 7 BICK
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
PACKAGE
20pin QFN (Unit: mm) 4.20 0.10
.6 9 0. 11
4.00 0.05 A
3
22 0.
-0
05 0.
3 - C0.2
4.20 0.10
4.00 0.05
B
45.0 45.0
1.00 0.50 1.00
0.50
35 0.
C0.7
0.02TYP 0.005MIN 0.04MAX
11 0.
0.22 0.05
0.05
M
S AB
0.60 0.10
0.05 S
Note: The black parts of back package should be open.
Material & Lead finish
Package molding compound: Epoxy Lead frame material: Cu Lead frame surface treatment: Solder (Pb free) plate
MS0156-E-03 - 35 -
0.90 0.05
S 0.22 + 0.03 - 0.05
2005/08
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
MARKING
4116
XXXX
1
XXXX : Date code identifier (4 digits)
Revision History
Date (YY/MM/DD) 02/05/27 03/04/14 Revision 00 01 Reason First Edition Error Correct Page 1 Contents General Description: "Mode settings can be controlled via microprocessor serial interface or via dedicated pin." "Mode settings can be controlled via microprocessor serial interface. Audio Serial Interface Format: "The DIF2-0 pins can select..." " The DIF2-0 bits can select..." Figure 15. Q-subcode register map Addr = 16H 1FH 11H 1AH Table 9. Fields of burst info Pc Value 7: reserved MPEG2 AAC ADTS; repetition time of burst: 1024 Value 14: reserved ATRAC; repetition time of burst: 512 Value 15: reserved ATRAC2/3; repetition time of burst: 1024 Value 27: (Reserved for MPEG-4 AAC data) reserved Value 28: MPEG-2 AAC data reserved Ordering Guide: AK4116VF AK4116VN
21
04/04/19
02
Error Correct
16 32
05/08/24
03
Error Correct
3
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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4116]
IMPORTANT NOTICE * These products and their specifications are subject to change without notice. Before considering any use or application, consult the Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co., Ltd. (AKM) sales office or authorized distributor concerning their current status. * AKM assumes no liability for infringement of any patent, intellectual property, or other right in the application or use of any information contained herein. * Any export of these products, or devices or systems containing them, may require an export license or other official approval under the law and regulations of the country of export pertaining to customs and tariffs, currency exchange, or strategic materials. * AKM products are neither intended nor authorized for use as critical components in any safety, life support, or other hazard related device or system, and AKM assumes no responsibility relating to any such use, except with the express written consent of the Representative Director of AKM. As used here: (a) A hazard related device or system is one designed or intended for life support or maintenance of safety or for applications in medicine, aerospace, nuclear energy, or other fields, in which its failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result in loss of life or in significant injury or damage to person or property. (b) A critical component is one whose failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result, whether directly or indirectly, in the loss of the safety or effectiveness of the device or system containing it, and which must therefore meet very high standards of performance and reliability. * It is the responsibility of the buyer or distributor of an AKM product who distributes, disposes of, or otherwise places the product with a third party to notify that party in advance of the above content and conditions, and the buyer or distributor agrees to assume any and all responsibility and liability for and hold AKM harmless from any and all claims arising from the use of said product in the absence of such notification.
MS0156-E-03 - 37 -
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